Top 10 Programming Language to learn in 2023

Are you a programming enthusiast looking to stay ahead of the curve in 2023? With the ever-evolving tech landscape, keeping up with the Best Programming Language to learn can be a daunting task. Fear not, as we have compiled a list of the top 10 Programming Languages that you should consider learning in 2023. Python: This versatile language continues to dominate in 2023, with its ease of use, readability, and a vast library of modules. JavaScript: As web development grows increasingly popular, JavaScript remains a crucial player, with its ability to create dynamic and interactive web pages. Java: This language has stood the test of time and remains a popular choice for enterprise software development. C++: A staple in the gaming and systems development industries, C++ offers exceptional performance and memory management. Swift: Apple's preferred language for iOS app development, Swift continues to grow in popularity with its simplicity and reliability. R: As data science and machin

Kruskal Algorithm | Minimum Spanning Tree | DAA


Minimum Spanning Tree

Given an undirected graph G = (V,E), a subgraph T =(V,E’) of G is a spanning tree if and only if T is a tree. The MST is a spanning tree of a connected weighted graph such that the total sum of the weights of all edges eÎE’ is minimum amongst all the sum of edges that would give a spanning tree.

Kruskal’s Algorithm:

The problem of finding MST can be solved by using Kruskal’s algorithm. The idea behind this algorithm is that you put the set of edges form the given graph G = (V,E) in nondecreasing order of their weights. The selection of each edge in sequence then guarantees that the total cost that would from will be the minimum. Note that we have G as a graph, V as a set of n vertices and E as set of edges of graph G.
Kruskal Algorithm | Minimum Spanning Tree | DAA

Algorithm:

KruskalMST(G)
{
T = {V} // forest of n nodes
S = set of edges sorted in nondecreasing order of weight
while(|T| < n-1 and E !=Æ)
{
Select (u,v) from S in order DAA
Remove (u,v) from E
if((u,v) doesnot create a cycle in T))
T = T È {(u,v)}
}
}

Analysis:

In the above algorithm the n tree forest at the beginning takes (V) time, the creation of set S takes O(ElogE) time and while loop execute O(n) times and the steps inside the loop take almost linear time (see disjoint set operations; find and union). So the total time taken is O(ElogE) or asymptotically equivalently O(ElogV)!.

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