String In C Programming | C Programming
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String
The way a group of integers can be stored in an integer array. Similarly, a group of characters can be stored in a character array. Character arrays are many a time also called strings. Many languages internally treat strings as character arrays, but somehow conceal this fact from the programmer. Character arrays or strings are used by programming languages to manipulate text such as words and sentences.
A string constant is a one-dimensional array of characters terminated by a null (‘\0’).
For example,
Each character in the array occupies one byte of memory and the last character is always ‘\0’. What character is this? It looks like two characters, but it is actually only one character, with the \ indicating that what follows it is something special. ‘\0’ is called a null character. Note that ‘\0’ and ‘0’ are not the same. The ASCII value of ‘\0’ is 0, whereas the ASCII value of ‘0’ is 48.
Terminating null (‘\0’) is important because it is the only way the functions that work with a string can know where the string ends. In fact, a string not terminated by a ‘\0’ is not really a string, but merely a collection of characters.
C concedes the fact that you would use strings very often and hence provides a shortcut for initializing strings. For example, the string used above can also be initialized as,
Note that, in this declaration ‘\0’ is not necessary. C inserts the null character automatically.
More about Strings
In what way are character arrays different than numeric arrays? Can elements in a character array be accessed in the same way as the elements of a numeric array? Do I need to take any special care of ‘\0’? Why numeric arrays don’t end with a ‘\0’? Declaring strings is okay, but how do I manipulate them? Questions galore!! Well, let us settle some of these issues right away with the help of sample programs.
And here is the output... Klinsmann
No big deal. We have initialized a character array, and then printed out the elements of this array within a while loop. Can we write the while loop without using the final value 7? We can; because we know that each character array always ends with a ‘\0’. The following program illustrates this.
And here is the output... Klinsmann
This program doesn’t rely on the length of the string (number of characters in it) to print out its contents and hence is definitely more general than the earlier one.
Even though there are so many ways (as shown above) to refer to the elements of a character array, rarely is any one of them used. This is because printf( ) function has got a sweet and simple way of doing it, as shown below. Note that printf( ) doesn’t print the ‘\0’.
The %s used in printf( ) is a format specification for printing out a string. The same specification can be used to receive a string from the keyboard, as shown below.
And here is a sample run of the program...
Enter your name Debashish
Hello Debashish!
Note that the declaration char name[25] sets aside 25 bytes under the array name[ ], whereas the scanf( ) function fills in the characters typed at the keyboard into this array until the enter key is hit. Once enter is hit, scanf( ) places a ‘\0’ in the array. Naturally, we should pass the base address of the array to the scanf( ) function. While entering the string using scanf( ) we must be cautious about two things:
The length of the string should not exceed the dimension of the character array. This is because the C compiler doesn’t perform bounds checking on character arrays. Hence, if you carelessly exceed the bounds there is always a danger of overwriting something important, and in that event, you would have nobody to blame but yourselves.
scanf( ) is not capable of receiving multi-word strings. Therefore names such as ‘Debashish Roy’ would be unacceptable. The way to get around this limitation is by using the function gets( ). The usage of functions gets( ) and its counterpart puts( ) is shown below.
And here is the output...
Enter your name Debashish Roy Hello!
Debashish Roy
The program and the output are self-explanatory except for the fact that puts( ) can display only one string at a time (hence the use of two puts( ) in the program above). Also, on display a string, unlike printf( ), puts( ) and places the cursor on the next line. Though gets( ) is capable of receiving only one string at a time, the plus point with gets( ) is that it can receive a multi-word string.
If we are prepared to take the trouble we can make scanf( ) accept multi-word strings by writing it in this manner:
Though workable this is the best of the ways to call a function, you would agree.
Standard Library String Functions
Function |
Use |
strlwr() |
converts a string to lowercase |
strupr() |
converts a string to uppercase |
strlen() |
gives the length of a string |
strcpy() |
copy string from one array to another |
strcmp() |
compare two strings |
strcat() |
appends one string at the end of another |
strncat() |
appends the first n characters of a string at the end of another |
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