The Complete Codes

Scope of Variables All variables in a program may not be accessible at all locations in that program. This depends on where you have declared a variable. The scope of a variable determines the portion of the program where you can access a particular identifier. There are two basic scopes of variables in Python − Global variables Local variables Global vs. Local variables Variables that are defined inside a function body has a local scope, and those defined outside have a global scope. This means that local variables can be accessed only inside the function in which they are declared, whereas global variables can be accessed throughout the program body by all functions. When you call a function, the variables declared inside it are brought into scope. Following is a simple example − total = 0; # This is global variable. # Function definition is here      def sum( arg1, arg2 ): # Add both the parameters and return the...

Digital signatures A digital signature or digital signature scheme is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of a digital message or document. A valid digital signature gives a recipient reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender such that they cannot deny sending it (authentication and non-repudiation) and that the message was not altered in transit (integrity). Digital signatures are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions, and in other cases where it is important to detect forgery or tampering. A digital signature (NOT a digital certificate) is an electronic signature that can be used to authenticate the identity of the sender of a message or the signer of a document, and possibly to ensure that the original content of the message or document that has been sent is unchanged. Digital signatures are easily transportable, cannot be imitated by someone else, and can be automatically time-stamped. The ability to ensur...

NETWORK SECURITY Network security consists of the provisions and policies adopted by a network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network-accessible resources. Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network, which is controlled by the network administrator. Users choose or are assigned an ID and password or other authenticating information that allows them access to information and programs within their authority. Network security concerns: Secrecy Secrecy has to do with keeping information out of the hands of unauthorized users. This is what usually comes to mind when people think about network security. Authentication Authentication deals with determining whom you are talking to before revealing sensitive information or entering into a business deal. Non-repudiation and Integrity Control Non-repudiation deals related with signatures. Assurance that a m...